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I saw a couple of comments today about the price of USDT so I think it's worth while explaining how it works just in case anyone is interested in knowing more.

USDT is a pegged-currency. It's often described as a stablecoin but that's not correct because it doesn't have an inbuilt stabilisation mechanism unlike Maker's DAI for instance.

The way it works is purely based on well known legal mechanisms that have no cryptoeconomic properties on its own. The issuer holds a USD balance at a bank, then commissions a receipt that proves their balance and issues an equal number of USDT. 1 USD = 1 USDT at issuance time and the trustworthiness of both the issuer, the auditor and banks involved.

The token itself is used to facilitate trading and many investors 'park' their gains in USDT while waiting for the market to reach a certain point or just in between trades, but that means that the token's FX value is set by the open market itself so if there are more buy orders than available USDT the price goes up and if there are more sell orders than demand the price goes down. Where this gets interesting is that some exchanges list assets based on the USDT fx and not USD which opens some arbitrage opportunities like we are seeing today.

For more info:

https://github.com/jpantunes/awesome-cryptoeconomics#stablec...

https://stablecoinindex.com/


Except of course that in the case of tether there has (AFAIK) never actually been a completed audit of their USD holdings.

the closest there has ever been is a letter from a law firm that was related to the owners and which clearly stated that it was not an audit.

I think you're right. I saw a document that I thought was the audit report but it's a simple memorandum.

https://tether.to/announcement-transparency-update/

That's exactly what Tether wanted you to think.

They also parted ways with that firm because they were unwilling to provide what the auditor requested. They've never completed an audit, despite their website claiming "subject to frequent professional audits".

> They also parted ways with that firm because they were unwilling to provide what the auditor requested.

Yeah. "Our auditor wanted to actually conduct an audit to say we had been audited."

Tether tried to give them an instantaneous bank account balance of an account with no history, and say "Yes, on day x, there's this much in the account".

Whereas, of course, there should have been nine digit deposits (sometimes multiple times a week, lol) showing on this account.

Not so much.

The real question is whether Tether can survive a substantial net outflow of funds. So far, that hasn't happened. Someday it will.

Tether was basically a workaround for the severe problems that cryptocurrency exchanges seem to have paying out real money. "Withdrawal limits", "pauses", "verification", and just not paying withdrawals are continuing problems. Kraken: [1] Coinbase: [2] (Over 1000 Better Business Bureau complaints!) But getting money out of Tether is hard, too.

[1] https://www.bbb.org/us/ca/san-francisco/profile/financial-se... [2] https://www.bbb.org/us/ca/san-francisco/profile/financial-se...

You can see why they expected this to work, there are a bunch of Eastern European banks which had audits from the Big Four brand accounting firms saying everything was A-OK right up until either the bank failed entirely or was nationalised to save it from collapse.

Not be able to secure an auditor to do this suggests somebody was too cheap. It's important to spread the loot around, for example instead of paying for an audit and expecting them to lie, try paying for the same audit AND buying ten times as much "specialist professional services" from the audit company. Don't ask exactly why these services are so expensive, and in particular don't expect to see all the people you're supposedly paying for busily working on anything. Just hand over the cash and voila, your audit is spotless. What a wonderful business.

  Stabilisation mechanism 
  unlike Maker's DAI for instance
What?

The Maker DAI relies on users trading Etherium for another token DAI.

It’s essentially a mortgage backed security derivative, except instead of houses it’s a speculative database token swap.

Certainly not safe.

> then commissions a receipt that proves their balance

Why would this report be believable?

The legal principle is that the receipts are audited and signed by a recognised/ accredited entity. If I'm not mistaken, that's how other commodities are traded in regulated markets today.
> The token itself is used to facilitate trading and many investors 'park' their gains in USDT while waiting for the market to reach a certain point or just in between trades, but that means that the token's FX value is set by the open market itself so if there are more buy orders than available USDT the price goes up and if there are more sell orders than demand the price goes down.

If the USDT to USD ratio fluctuates so much, what is the point of 'parking' your money in USDT?

It usually fluctuates by 2 or 3 cents ( ~0.98 to ~1.03).

https://coincodex.com/crypto/tether/

In theory you could just redeem your money from the Tether issuer, if it's actually backed by USD and they deign to let you redeem them.
In theory, cows are spherical. In practice, you can't actually do this.
AFAIK nobody has ever redeemed any Tether.
Do you know if any tethers have ever been destroyed? I have not seen it confirmed that this has occurred and if people were withdrawing to the dollar via USDT I would expect there to have been destructions.
No tether has ever been destroyed. While tether in its terms maintains that Tethers are redeemable "provided that you are a fully verified customer of Tether" [1], there is no known case of this ever happening, in fact it is a running joke that the tether signup page [2] is permanently suspended. Nor does anyone know who is buying them (and causing their creation). For example, when $250m of them were printed in june [3], which customer was it that deposited $250m USD? Or did they print them out of thin air? Nobody knows for sure.

But if they are in fact backed 1:1 with USDs, then it raises the question: if the tether peg is slipping below $1, why doesn't Tether or one of these alleged "verified customers" buy them up at a discount, redeem and destroy them for USD, and bank the difference?

The answer to this question is left as an exercise for the reader.

[1] https://tether.to/legal/

[2] https://wallet.tether.to/app/#!/signup

[3] https://omniexplorer.info/tx/bd9520b9aea701e9606ad8a8f4d6852...

> No tether has ever been destroyed.

Here's 30 million being destroyed earlier this year:

https://omniexplorer.info/tx/24db40680654b8b505fda3e96be722c...

Yeah, and if I remember correctly a bunch more were returned to the issuer account, presumably in preparation for being destroyed, but ended up being reissued instead.
Oh yes, to actually sign up with Tether, you had to be not affiliated with the US in any way, have a minimum of $10,000/$30,000 to give them, and wait for 90 days or more.

The moon also had to be in full eclipse while in Mercury retrograde.

To the best of my knowledge, exchanges do not allow redeeming USDT for USD.
Kraken allows selling USDT for USD. The current price is $0.94 USD.[1]

[1] https://cryptocoincharts.info/pair/usdt/usd/kraken/today

Redemption != Sell

Redemption implies a non-market transaction to turn in an asset for a guaranteed face value. For example, you redeem bonds (and bond coupons) for the face amount with the original issuer, once the bond or coupon has matured

Thanks for mentioning DAI.

I mentioned DAI today in comment and essentially got banned for doing it.

In comment I provided link to interview with Olaf on blog.ycombinator.com where MakerDAO was mentioned.

So I got banned as spammer in HN for providing link to blog on YC.

It tells a lot about the level of average HN reader.

You got flagged, not banned. But if you keep rambling about readers' intelligence, it might yet happen.

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