I think there is nothing better than the book: Expert F#
https://www.amazon.de/Expert-F-4-0-Don-Syme/dp/1484207416/re...
I'm making my way through it now, but it doesn't have quite what I'm looking for.
I just found http://fsprojects.github.io/ProjectScaffold/structure.html, which is a good example of the kind of thing I'm interested in (ProjectScaffold in general, but that page in particular, which actually explains what everything in the project structure is for).
F# suffers from an overabundance of "getting started" tutorials that focus only on the language and syntax. I get that F# is likely to be a lot of peoples' first introduction to a functional language, so that makes sense, but this one doesn't even tell you how to run the code it's showing you.
The hardest part about learning any new language isn't learning the syntax or core concepts, it's understanding the mechanics of actually getting things done - grokking the developer workflow, getting comfortable in an editing environment, building and deploying, troubleshooting and debugging, writing idiomatic code, learning about common libraries and tools, etc.